81 Pigment Origin Chemical Composition Elements Detected White lead white Synthetic Basic lead carbonate (hydrocerussite: Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2) and neutral lead carbonate (cerussite: PbCO3) Pb Chalk Mineral calcium carbonate (CaCO3) Ca Black Bone or ivory black Synthetic 70–80 % hydroxyapatite: Ca5OH (PO4)3, approx. 10–20 % carbon Ca, P Blue Smalt Synthetic Mainly silica (SiO2) with smaller amounts of oxides of potassium (K2O), cobalt (CoO), and impurities from the cobalt ore Co, Ni, As, Bi, K Azurite/ blue verditer Mineral/ synthetic Basic copper carbonate: Cu3(CO3 )2(OH)2 Cu Ultramarine Mineral Main component: lazurite, a sulphurcontaining sodium, calcium aluminosilicate: (Na,Ca)8(AlSi04)6(SO4,S,Cl)2 Ca, K Green Verdigris Synthetic Can contain several forms of copper acetate Cu green earth Mineral Glauconite and celadonite: K[(Al,FeIII ),(FeII,Mg)](AlSi3,Si4 )O10(OH)2 Fe, K Red Vermilion Mineral/ synthetic mercury sulphide (HgS) Hg, S Red earth pigments Mineral Contain varying amounts of iron oxides, mostly hematite (α-Fe2O3), in addition to quartz and clay Fe Red lake Red dyestuff from cochineal insect, roots of the madder (Rubia tinctorum), or brazilwood Organic dyestuff precipitated on an inert inorganic substrate, usually alum K, (Ca) Yellow lead-tin yellow Synthetic (prepared by heating oxides of lead and tin to 650–800°C) Lead-tin oxide (Pb2SnO4) Pb, Sn Yellow earth pigments Mineral Contain varying amounts of iron oxides, mostly goethite (α-FeOOH), in addition to quartz and clay Fe, (Ti) Yellow lake Yellow dyestuff from weld (Reseda luteola) or unripe buckthorn berries Organic dyestuff precipitated on an inert inorganic substrate, usually a combination of chalk and alum Ca, K Naples yellow Synthetic Lead antimonate (Pb2Sb2O7), or lead-tin antimony yellow (Pb2SnSbO6.5 ) Pb, Sb, (Sn) Brown Umber Mineral manganese oxides (MnO(OH), MnO2) in addition to iron oxides Fe, Mn Table 1 Indication for Pigments Based on Elements Detected with MA-XRF in Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window [ [
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